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HomeMy WebLinkAboutASBESTOS CERTIFICATE - 20-00140 - 261 S 3rd W - Demolition of 3 HomesPresented to JRW and Associates / Sundance Student Housing Vacant house at 261 South, 3rd West, Rexburg, Idaho 3-10-2020 Presented by: Great Basin Services, Inc Blackfoot, Idaho 208-785-1767 Dave Price, Inspector Certificate # BIR120519-9 Introduction On 3-4-2020, accredited EPA Asbestos Inspector, Dave Price, of Great Basin Services, Inc., conducted a site inspection and collected samples of suspect Asbestos Containing Building Materials from the house located at 261 South 3`d West, Rexburg, Idaho. The purpose of this inspection and sample collection was to identify and locate any possible asbestos containing materials that might be present in this house, prior to Demo Iition/burning. The suspect ACBM samples were cataloged and uniquely labeled onsite and then submitted under standard chain - of -custody (COC) protocol to EMSL Analytical, a National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) accredited laboratory for analysis of materials using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), EPA/600/R-93/116 methodology. This PLM method is standard for Initial Asbestos Bulk testing, with additional Point counting as needed. Background The house is approx. 1300 sq ft with a full basement. All basic structure and building materials appear to have been done at one time, both the main floor and the basement. There was drywall with texture on both walls and ceilings of the main floor. The basement was also finidhed. The insulation in the attic was a newer blown in insulation an top of fiberglass. The walls had fiberglass batts.. There was no heat ducts or pipe insulation found. There was some sheet vinyl flooring in both the basement and on the main floor. in the basement. There were multiple types of sheet vinyl flooring on the main floor. The roof had 1 layer of newer shingles. The outside siding was vinyl over original wood. Sampling Dave Price, accredited Asbestos inspector, collected a total of 13 samples of suspect Asbestos Containing Building Materials (ACBM) from the building. These 13 samples were analyzed, at the lab using the PLM/600/R- 93/116 methodology and broke down into a total of 27 individual materials that were analyzed separately. All of the original samples were of materials that were identified as possible ACM. In this sampling scheme, sampling locations and number of samples were selected so that they were representive of the homogeneous sampling areas with regard to the material present and it's potential asbestos content. The sampling scheme was designed to be comprehensive and intended to identify ACM that might be disturbed during Demolition/ Renovation activities. The initial testing method used is a Polarized Light Microscopy ( PLM) method. This is an EPA accepted method for Asbestos testing. ACM ,under current regulation, is defined as material with an asbestos content of Greater than 1%. Any sample analyzed by "polarized light microscopy" ( PLM) method, as containing "Greater than 1 % Asbestos", will need to be re -analyzed using an EPA 400 point count method with Gravimetric Reduction, or be assumed to be ACM. The EPA 400 point count is a more precise and accurate method of analyzing a sample for asbestos. In some cases, point counting can provide a lower percentage of asbestos in a sample, to an amount of asbestos under the EPA threshold amount. Point counting a sample will not always reflect a lower percentage of asbestos. The type of materials tested, and the percentage of asbestos found using the PLM method, can affect the point count results. All samples were sent to EMSL Analytical, San Leandro, California. ( see attached accreditation cert for lab) Conclusions The following identifies the sample Numbers, sample materials tested, and location of sample. Out of the 35 individual PLM sample results, 6 individual sample results indicated the that asbestos was present in the amounts of "Greater than 1%" , which by EPA rule, are considered to be Asbestos Containing Materials. Asbestos materials found to contain "Greater than 1% asbestos" , by EPA rule, are considered Asbestos Containing Material. If any material is found to contain I% or less asbestos, by EPA rule, the sample is considered to be non -asbestos materials and can be disposed of as general construction debris. 1. Samples SV -01, SV -02 SV -03, B -SV -01, B -SV -02, and B -SV -02 Mastic all contained Asbestos in the amounts of" Greater than 1%" which is considered to be Asbestos Containing Material ( ACM) as per EPA regulations. Percentages of Asbestos in these samples range from 3% to 15% . Because of the percentages found in these samples, Point counting would not reduce the percentages down below the EPA threshold amount for ACM. Asbestos containing materials found: 1. Sheet vinyl flooring in the main floor bathroom. 12% Asbestos Aprox. 28 sq ft on wood floor. 2. Sheet vinyl flooring in the kitchen. 15% in each layer. Aprox. 180 sq ft in each layer 3. Sheet vinyl flooring, Basement Laundry room. 15% Asbestos Aprox 88 sq ft 4. Sheet vinyl flooring and Mastic in the Basement bathroom. 15% and 3% Aprox 25 sq ft each All sheet vinyl flooring in House tested positive If removal of the Asbestos sheet vinyl is not done before demolition, the landfill will not accent the rest of the waste as general construction debris. Also, any burning would not be allowed if the Asbestos materials remain in the House. EPA states that private residences, that are single family living units, ( houses, apartments, ect) are exempt From EPA regulations concerning asbestos and demolition, Unless more that 4 building areas are demolished at one time, or under one contract, or by one operator. There are also EPA exemptions for the amounts of Asbestos materials that might need to be removed in residential and commercial buildings ( If the structure contains less that 260 Linear ft, 160 sq ft, or 35 cubic ft). . However these exemptions do not change the fact that general construction landfill will not accept Asbestos and you can not burn a building that has Asbestos in the building materials. Removal of the Asbestos materials, in residential and commercial buildings, prior to demolition is the typical and preferred demolition scenario. If 4 or more living units are to demolished at one time, or under one contract, or by one operator, or a commercial building, then an EPA 10 day Notification for demolition is required. If the living units are demolished to build any commercial buildings, stores, parking lots, storage facilities, etc., then EPA required the 10 -Day Notification. Sample Results OrderID: 092004907 Asbestos Chain of Custody EMSL Order Number (Lab use Only): Flo92004907 -., EMSL ANALYTICAL, INC. 464 MCCORMICK ST SAN LEANDRO CA 94577 PHONE: 510-895-3675 FAx: 510-895-3680 Cw*oUW ooc"wd - Asb"t= COC - as - &I I f" 17 Paqe 1 Of 2 o: 0 Same 0 Different Company: Great Basin Services Inc If Bill to is Different note instructions in Comments" _... _ Third Ptd Biilina requires written authorization from third a Street: East 400 North_ _ _ _ _ Zi /Postal Code: 83221 Country: usa Ci : Blackfoot State/Province: Idaho Report To (Name): Dave Price Telephone M Email Address: gbs1767@hotmall.com Fax M Purchase Order: Project Name: Z R e. A4 ak 1 9 6iA�r Please Provide Results: ❑ Fax O Email .S. State SamplTaken: IdahW mples: O' 0 erclal/Taxable O Residential/Tax Exempt Turnaround Time (TAT)Options* — Please Check O 3 Hour O 6 Hour O 24 Hour O 48 Hour O 72 Hour`�66_HouF- :. O 1 Week O 2 Week 'For TEM Air 3 hr through 6 hr, please call ahead to schedule. *There is a prermum charge for 3 Hour M AHERA or EPA level ll TAT. You will be asked to sign an authorization form for this service. Anal s' comrileted in accordance with EMSL's Terms and Conditions located in the Analytical Price Guide. PCM - Air O Check if samples are from NY TEM — Air O 4-4.5hr TAT (AHERA only) TEM- Dust O NIOSH 7400 ❑ AHERA 40 CFR, Part 763 ❑ Microvac - ASTM D 5755 O w/ OSHA 8hr. TWA ❑ NIOSH 7402 FJ EPA Level II O Wipe - ASTM D6480 ❑ Carpet Sonication (EPA 600/J-93/167) PLM - Bulk (reporting limit) EPA "800/R93/16 (<1Q/o) 0 IS010312 Soil/RockNermicuiite O PLM EPA NOB (<1%) O PLM CARB 435 - A (0.25% sensitivity) TEM - Bulk Point Count O TEM EPA NOB i O PLM CARB 435 - B (0.1% sensitivity) O 400 (<O.25%) ❑ 1000 (<O.1%) ❑ NYS NOB 198.4 (non -friable -NY) ❑ TEM CARB 435 - B (0.1% sensitivity) Point Count w/Gravimetric ❑ Chatfield SOP O TEM CARB 435 - C (0.01% sensitivity) O 400 (<0.25%) O 1000 (<O.1 %) O TEM Mass Analysis -EPA 600 sec. 2.5 O TEM Qual. via Filtration Technique TEM — Water: EPA 100.2 D NYS 198.1 (friable in NY) O TEM Qual. via Drop -Mount Technique I Other: O NYS 198.6 NOB (non -friable -NY) Fibers >10um ❑ Waste O Drinking All Fiber Sizes O Waste O Drinking O NIOSH 9002 <1% ( ) ❑ O Check For Positive Stop — Clearly Identify Homogenous Group Filter Pore Size Air Samples): CLO.8 O 0.45tim Samplers Name: Dave Price Samplers Signature:_ ✓� o me rea r ate me Sample # Sample Description HA # Bulk Sample C_iow -01 r e 'wvy DO 4 A)&LL --ail + /tQ It J•t M _Atane- a'/ rl r Client Sample # (s): Total # of Samples: --T-- — --- — _�3 ' QQ Relinquished (Client): ate: b 9a;20Time: Received (Lab): ate:Time: Comments/Special Instructions: OR U'F'J 12 � S �' �1 � f � 1 �. 0 Page 1 of pages Cw*oUW ooc"wd - Asb"t= COC - as - &I I f" 17 Paqe 1 Of 2 OrderID: 092004907 ,r-----+ ► Asbestos Chain of Custody EMSLANALYrICAL, INC. EMSL Order Number (Lab use only: 200 ROUTE 130 NORTH CINNAMINSON, NJ 08077 F092004907' PHONE: (800) 220-3675 FAX: (856) 786-5974 Additional Pages of the Chain of Custody are only necessary if needed for additional sample information Sample # Sample Description - • s / / . W*TQrj ll i� I 1i i .._ . r ice . !Me, Mill.MEM 01 __wC_omfTve­nts/SpecIaI L Instructions: Zys�M Page of6, pages 3l(p1z0 Paqe 2 Of 2 EMSL Analytical, Inc. 464 McCormick Street San Leandro. CA 94577 Tel/Fax: (510) 895-3675 / (510) 895-3680 http:llwww.EMSL.com / sanleandrolab@emsl.wm Attention: Dave Price Great Basin Services, Inc. PO Box 238 Blackfoot, ID 83221 EMSL Order: 092004907 Customer ID: GBSV62 Customer PO: Project ID: Phone: (208)785-1767 Fax: (208)785-4053 Received Date: 03/06/2020 12:45 PM Analysis Date: 03/09/2020 Collected Date: %Fibrous Project: JRW HOUSE AT 261 SOUTH 3RD WEST REXBURG, IDAHO - SINGE FAMILEY RESIDENCE Test Report: Asbestos Analysis of Bulk Materials via EPA 600/R-931116 Method using Polarized Light Microscopy SV -02 -Vinyl Sheet SHEET VINYL Tan/VVhite Non -Asbestos 10% Ca Carbonate Asbestos Sample Description Appearance %Fibrous %Non-Flbrous %Type CDW-01-Drywall CEILING DRYWALL White 80% Gypsum None Detected 092M9074005 TAPE JOINT+ Non -Fibrous 20%Non-fibrous(Other) 0920aa907. 1 TEXTURE, KITCHEN Homogeneous 80% Matrix None Detected CDW-01-Tape Joint CEILING DRYWALL White 80% Ca Carbonate None Detected WaXN907-0 M TAPE JOINT+ Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 092000907.=IA TEXTURE, KITCHEN Homogeneous 20% Cellulose 50% Matrix 15%Chrysotile CDW-01-Texture CEILING DRYWALL White 80% Ca Carbonate None Detected TAPE JOINT+ Non -Fibrous 20%Non-fiibrous(Other) 092000907-000113 TEXTURE, KITCHEN Homogeneous CDW-02-Drywall CEILING DRYWALL White 80% Gypsum None Detected SV -03 -Vinyl Sheet TAPE JOINT+ Non -Fibrous 25% Cellulose 20%Non-fiibrous(Other) 15% Chrysotile 092W09014hX* TEXTURE,SOUTH Homogeneous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) EASTBEDROOM Homogeneous CDW-02-Tape Joint CEILING DRYWALL White 80% Ce Carbonate None Detected TAPE JOINT+ Non -Fibrous 20%Non-fiibrous(Other) o92oaa9o7awza TEXTURE, SOUTH Homogeneous EAST BEDROOM CDW-02-Texture CEILING DRYWALL White 80% Ca Carbonate None Detected TAPE JOINT+ Non -Fibrous 20%Non-fibrous(Other) 092rma902-000213 TEXTURE, SOUTH Homogeneous EAST BEDROOM INS -01 ATTIC INSULATION Gray 90% Cellulose 10% Non-fibrous (Other) None Detected ABOVE KITCHEN Fibrous 092o00907A003 Homogeneous SV01-Vinyl Sheet SHEET VINYL White/Blue 10% Cellulose 50% Matrix '121%Chrysotile Flooring FLOORING Fibrous 28%Non-fiibrous(Other) BATHROOM Homogeneous 0920005070000 This is a Wmposile resull orboth vinyl andbacknglayer SV01-Mastic SHEET VINYL Tan 80% Matrix None Detected FLOORING Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 0921Xa907.00wA BATHROOM Homooeneous SV -02 -Vinyl Sheet SHEET VINYL Tan/VVhite 5% Glass 10% Ca Carbonate None Detected Flooring FLOORING TOP Non -Fibrous 60% Matrix LAYER KITCHEN Homogeneous 25% Non-fibrous (Other) 092M9074005 SV -02 -Mastic SHEET VINYL TaNYellow 80% Matrix None Detected FLOORING TOP Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) WaXN907-0 M LAYER KITCHEN Homogeneous SV -02 -Vinyl Sheet SHEET VINYL White/Orange 20% Cellulose 50% Matrix 15%Chrysotile Flooring 2 FLOORING TOP Fibrous 15% Non-fibrous (Other) LAYER KITCHEN Homogeneous 092000907-005e This is a composite result of both vinyl and backng layer SV -03 -Vinyl Sheet SHEET VINYL White/Orange 25% Cellulose 40% Matrix 15% Chrysotile Flooring FLOORING BOTTOM Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) LAYER KITCHEN Homogeneous 092000907.0006 This is a composite result arbolh vinyl and backng layer Initial report from: 03/09/2020 13:36:40 / ASS -PLM 0008-0001 - 1.78 Printed: 3/9/2020 1:36 PM Page 1 of 3 EMSL Analytical, Inc. EMSLOrder: 092004907 Customer ID: GBSV62 494 McCormick Street San Leandro, CA 94577 Customer P0: Tel/Fax: (510) 695-3675 / (570) 895-3690 hUp:llw .EMSL.com/ sanleandrolab@emsl.mm Project ID: Test Report: Asbestos Analysis of Bulk Materials via EPA 600/R-93/116 Method using Polarized Light Microscopy B-WDW-02-Drywall BASEMENT WALL White 80% Gypsum None Detected DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 0920049074000 JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous B-WDW-02-Tape Joint BASEMENT WALL White 80% Ca Carbonate None Detected DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 09200490700014 JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous S-WDW-02-Texture BASEMENT WALL White Non -Asbestos Asbestos Sample Description Appearance %Fibrous %Non-Flbraus %Type SV -03 -Mastic SHEET VINYL Gray 3% Cellulose 10% Ca Carbonate None Detected B -SV -02 -Mastic BASEMENT SHEET FLOORING BOTTOM Non -Fibrous 70% Matrix 80% Gypsum None Detected 092004907-0004A LAYER KITCHEN Homogeneous 17% Non-fibrous (Other) 092004907-0009 B-WDW-01-Drywall BASEMENT WALL White 80% Gypsum None Detected 092014907.0009; DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 09200490741007 JOINT+TEXTURE Homogeneous B -SV -01 -Vinyl Sheet S.W. BEDROOM White/Orange 20% Cellulose 50% Matrix 15% Chrysotile B-WDW-01-Tape Joint BASEMENT WALL Non -Fibrous 15% Non-fibrous (Other) Layer Not Present DRYWALL, TAPE Homogeneous 092061907-oOmA JOINT + TEXTURE S.W. BEDROOM B-WDW-01-Texture BASEMENT WALL White 4% Quartz None Detected DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 80% Ca Carbonate 092004907-00078 JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous 16% Non-fibrous (Other) S.W. BEDROOM B-WDW-02-Drywall BASEMENT WALL White 80% Gypsum None Detected DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 0920049074000 JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous B-WDW-02-Tape Joint BASEMENT WALL White 80% Ca Carbonate None Detected DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 09200490700014 JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous S-WDW-02-Texture BASEMENT WALL White 80% Ca Carbonate None Detected None Detected DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 092004907-00098 JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous LIVING ROOM Tan/Black 15% Glass B -SV -02 -Mastic BASEMENT SHEET B-CDW-01-Drywall BASEMENT CEILING White 80% Gypsum None Detected B-CDW-01-Texture DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 092004907-0009 JOINT +TEXTURE Homogeneous Non -Fibrous 80% Ca Carbonate LAUNDRY ROOM 092014907.0009; JOINT + TEXTURE B-CDW-01-Tape Joint BASEMENT CEILING White 80% Ca Carbonate None Detected 30% Non-fibrous (Other) DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 20% Non-fibrous (Other) 09200,19074011 092004s07 -0009A JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous ROOF SHINGLE Tan/Black 15% Glass B -SV -02 -Mastic BASEMENT SHEET LAUNDRY ROOM 80% Matrix 3% Chrysotile VINYL BATHROOM Non -Fibrous B-CDW-01-Texture BASEMENT CEILING White 2% Quartz None Detected DRYWALL, TAPE Non -Fibrous 80% Ca Carbonate 092014907.0009; JOINT + TEXTURE Homogeneous 18%Non-fibrous(Other) LAUNDRY ROOM B -SV -01 -Vinyl Sheet BASEMENT SHEET White/Orange 20% Cellulose 50% Matrix 15% Chrysotile Flooring VINYL LAUNDRY Non -Fibrous 15% Non-fibrous (Other) ROOM Homogeneous 002001907-0010 This his composite result Olboth vinyl andbacWnglayer B -SV -02 -Vinyl Sheet BASEMENT SHEET White 15% Cellulose 40% Matrix 15%Chrysotile Flooring VINYL BATHROOM , Fibrous 30% Non-fibrous (Other) Non -Fibrous Homogeneous 0920049074012 09200,19074011 Homogeneous 20% Nan -fibrous (Other) This is a composite result 0700th Vinyl and bacbng layer ROOF SHINGLE Tan/Black 15% Glass B -SV -02 -Mastic BASEMENT SHEET Grayrran 80% Matrix 3% Chrysotile VINYL BATHROOM Non -Fibrous 17% Non-fibrous (Other) 092001907-0 11A Homogeneous 15% Non-fibrous (Other) Result includes a small amount of inseparable attached material RS -01 ROOF SHINGLE TanlBlack 15% Glass 25% Ca Carbonate None Detected FRONT OF HOUSE Non -Fibrous 40% Matrix 0920049074012 Homogeneous 20% Nan -fibrous (Other) RS -02 ROOF SHINGLE Tan/Black 15% Glass 20% Ce Carbonate None Detected BACK OF HOUSE Non -Fibrous 50% Matrix 092004907-0013 Homogeneous 15% Non-fibrous (Other) , Initial report from: 03/09/2020 13:36:40 ASB—PLM-0008-0001 - 1.78 Flirted 3/912020 1:36 PM Page 2 of 3 EMSL Analytical, Inc. EMSL Order: 092004907 Customer ID: GBSV62 464 McCormick Street San Leandro, CA 94577 Customer PO: Tel/Fax: (510) 895-3675 / (510) 895-3680 hbp:/Iww .EMSL.com/ sanleandrolab@emsl.com Project ID: Test Report: Asbestos Analysis of Bulk Materials via EPA 600/R-931116 Method using Polarized Light Microscopy Non -Asbestos Asbestos Sample Description Appearance % Fibrous % Non -Fibrous % Typo Analysts) Kevin Lares (27) e Michael DeCavallas, Laboratory Manager or Other Approved Signatory EMSL maintains liability limited to cost of analysis. The above analyses were performed in general compliance with Appendix E to Subpart E of 40 CFR (previously EPA 6WIM4A2-020"Interim Mende"), but augmented with procedures outlined In the 1993 ('final") version of the method. This report relates only to me samples reported above, and may not be reproduced, except In full, without written approval by EMSL. EMSL bears no responsibility for sample collection activities or analytical method limitations. Interpretation and use of test results are the responsibility ofthe client. All samples received In acceptable condition unless olhetwise noted. This report must not be used by Ne client to claim product certification, approval, or endorsement by NVLAP, NIST or any agency of thefederelgovemment. EMSL recommends gravimebic reduction for all noMriable organically bound materials prior to analysis. Estimation of uncertainty is available on request. Samples analyzed by EMSL Analytical, Inc San Leandro, CA NVLAP Lab Code 101048-3, WA C884 Initial report from: 03/09/2020 13:36:40 ASS—PI-M-0008-0001 - 1.78 Printed: 3/9/2020 1:36 PM Page 3 of 3 Certifications D&D ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING, INC. CERTIFICATE OF TRAINING This is to Certify That DAVID PRICE 0919 Has Successfully Completed an EPA/AHERA Asbestos Refresher Training Class Under Section 206 of the Toxic Substance Control Act, Title II. Course Dates: December 5. 2019 No. of Hours: 4 Certificate No:BIR120519-9 Expires: December 5, 2020 In: BUILDING INSPECTOR Douglas A. Aldinger, Dir for of Training D&D Environmental Consulting, Inc. 7345 South Pierce Street, Suite 104 Littleton, CO 80128 (303) 870-1032 United States Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology Certificate of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 NVL" LAB CODE: 101048-3 EMSL Analytical, Inc. San Leandro, CA is accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program for specific services, listed on the Scope of Accreditation, for. Asbestos Fiber Analysis This laboratory is accredited in accordance with the recognized Intematronal Standard ISOAEC 17025:2017. This accreditation demonstrates technical competence for a defined scope and the operaffon of a laboratory quality management system (refer to joint ISO-ILAG/AF Communique dated January 2009). Oilov , 2019-07-01 through 2020-06-30 * 4 0 Et%cWe Dates For Me IYatlonat Volum wrceRaft Rugmm "' National Voluntary /i -�\ [N'y Laboratory Accreditation Program • SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2017 EMSL Analytical, Inc. 464 McCormick St. San Leandro, CA 94577 Mr. Matthew Batongbaeal Phone: (510) 895-3675 Fax: (510) 895-3680 Email: mbatongbacal@emsl.com httpJ/www.emsi.com ASBESTOS FIBER ANALYSIS NVLAP LAB CODE 101048-3 Bulk Asbestos Analysis 18/A01 EPA — 40 CFR Appendix E to Subpart E of Part 763, Interim Method of the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples 18/A03 EPA 600/R.93/116: Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Building Materials Airborne Asbestos Analysis CV* Desffttion 18/A02 U.S. EPA's "Interim Transmission Electron Microscopy Analytical Methods -Mandatory and Nonmandatory -and Mandatory Section to Determine Completion of Response Actions* as found in 40 CFR, Part 763, Subpart E, Appendix A. For Me Netloj Vofunts F,ecift 201 SL07-01 through 202&0&30 P001 -of I